Dictionary of American Family Names Ã‚â©2013, Oxford University Press

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This article is about the multi-book historical dictionary. For other, smaller, dictionaries published by Oxford, including the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, meet Category:Oxford dictionaries.

Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2)
OED2
Author(s)	John Simpson & Edmund Weiner (editors)
Original championship	A New English language Lexicon on Historical Principles (NED)
State	United Kingdom
Language	English
Subject area(south)	Dictionary
Publisher	Oxford University Printing
Publication date	1989
Pages	22000^[i]
OCLC Number	17648714
Dewey Decimal	423 19
LC Classification	PE1625 .O87 1989
Preceded by	'OED1'

Publication dates
1888	A	A New ED	Vol. 1
1893	C	NED	Vol. ii
1897	D	NED	Vol. 3
1900	F	NED	Vol. 4
1901	H	NED	Vol. five
1908	L	NED	Vol. 6
1909	O	NED	Vol. 7
1914	Q	NED	Vol. viii
1919	Si	NED	Vol. 9/1
1919	Su	NED	Vol. nine/ii
1926	Ti	NED	Vol. 10/1
1928	5	NED	Vol. 10/2
1928	all	NED	12 vols.
1933	& sup.	Oxford ED	13 vols.
1972	A	OED Sup.	Vol. 1
1976	H	OED Sup.	Vol. 2
1982	O	OED Sup.	Vol. three
1986	Sea	OED Sup.	Vol. four
1989	all	OED 2nd Ed.	20 vols.
1993	all	OED Add. Ser.	Vols. one–ii
1997	all	OED Add. Ser.	Vol. 3

The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ), published past the Oxford University Press, is the cocky-styled premier dictionary of the English language.^[2] Ii fully bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. The kickoff edition was published in twelve volumes (plus later supplements), and the 2d edition in twenty volumes. As of 24 March 2011 (2011 -03-24) ^[update], the editors had completed the third edition from M to Ryvita. With descriptions for approximately 600,000 words, the Oxford English Dictionary is the world's about comprehensive single-language impress dictionary co-ordinate to the Guinness Book of World Records.^{[ commendation needed ]}

1 Entries and relative size
2 History
- 2.1 Origins
- 2.ii Early editors
- 2.3 Oxford editors
- 2.iv Fascicles
- 2.5 Oxford English Lexicon and Kickoff Supplement
- 2.6 Second Supplement and 2nd Edition
- 2.vii Meaty editions
- 2.viii Electronic versions
- 2.9 Third Edition
3 Spelling
iv Criticisms
5 See likewise
6 Notes
seven References
viii Farther reading
9 External links

Entries and relative size

According to the publishers, information technology would have a single person 120 years to 'key in' text to catechumen it to machine readable form which consists a total of 59 1000000 words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically.^[three] As of thirty November 2005, the Oxford English language Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 give-and-take-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and ii,412,400 usage quotations. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb fix, which required sixty,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, so put in 2007.^[4]

Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the globe's largest nor primeval dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers' dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the showtime dandy lexicon devoted to a modern European linguistic communication (Italian), was published in 1612; the outset edition of Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dates from 1694. The first edition of the official lexicon of Castilian, the Diccionario de la lengua española (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Española) was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716.

The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English language by and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 "Preface":

The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present solar day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not merely the standard language of literature and chat, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or primitive, simply likewise the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang.

Information technology continues:

Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the Old English era] ... Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or accept themselves a sure literary currency.

The OED is the focus of much scholarly work almost English words. Its headword variant spellings social club listing influences written English language in English-speaking countries.^{[ citation needed ]}

History

Origins

At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford Academy but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;^[five] it originally was a Philological Society projection conceived in London past Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an "Unregistered Words Committee" to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench's written report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified 7 distinct shortcomings in gimmicky dictionaries:

Incomplete coverage of obsolete words
Inconsistent coverage of families of related words
Incorrect dates for primeval use of words
History of obsolete senses of words oftentimes omitted
Inadequate distinction among synonyms
Insufficient use of expert illustrative quotations
Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content.

The Philological Society, withal, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English language dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from just words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more than comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary.^[6] Volunteer readers would be assigned detail books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the championship "A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles" (NED).

Early on editors

Richard Chenevix Trench played the cardinal function in the project'south commencement months, but his Church of England date equally Dean of Westminster meant that he could not requite the lexicon projection the time information technology required; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the showtime editor.

On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the outset editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later on that month, the xxx year erstwhile Coleridge died of tuberculosis.

Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, however temperamentally ill-suited for the work.^[7] Many volunteer readers eventually lost involvement in the project as Furnivall failed to go on them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced.

Furnivall believed that since many printed texts from earlier centuries were not readily available, information technology would exist impossible for volunteers to efficiently locate the quotations that the dictionary needed. Equally a issue, Furnival founded the Early English language Text Society in 1864 and the Chaucer Society in 1868 to publish quondam manuscripts. Furnivall'south preparatory efforts, which lasted 21 years, provided numerous texts for the apply and enjoyment of the general public as well as crucial sources for lexicographers, simply did not actually involve compiling a dictionary. Furnivall recruited over 800 volunteers to read these texts and record quotations. While enthusiastic, the volunteers were not well trained and often made inconsistent and arbitrary selections. Ultimately, Furnivall would hand over most ii tons of quotation slips and other materials to his successor.^[8]

In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He so approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the belatedly 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year.^[9] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another fifty years before the entire dictionary was consummate.

Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic.^[10] Small, a Yale Academy trained surgeon and military machine officer in the U.Due south. Civil State of war, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane later on killing a man in London. Small-scale invented his ain quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. The story of Murray and Small later served as the primal focus of a popular 20th-century book about the creation of the OED.

Oxford editors

During the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a lexicon with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication understanding was reached; both the Cambridge Academy Printing and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years' negotiating by Sweetness, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the lexicon and to pay the editor, Murray, who was likewise the Philological Society president. The lexicon was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in iv half dozen,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the projection in ten years.

Murray started the project, working in a corrugated atomic number 26 outbuilding, the "Scriptorium", which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's collection of quotation slips, which were plant to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for example, there were 10 times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse.^[11] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would study "as many quotations as you tin can for ordinary words" and for words that were "rare, obsolete, onetime-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way."^[11] Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-higher professor Francis March manage the collection in N America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and past 1882, at that place were 3,500,000.

The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-20-3 years later Coleridge's sample pages. The total title was A New English Lexicon on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Social club; the 352-page volume, words from A to Emmet, cost 12s.6d or U.Southward.$3.25. The total sales were a disappointing four,000 copies.^[12]

The OUP saw it would take also long to consummate the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Appropriately, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he moved from Mill Loma to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property.

The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, firm, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary

Murray resisted the 2d demand: that if he could non meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, exterior his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not desire to share the piece of work, feeling he would accelerate his piece of work pace with experience.^{[ citation needed ]} That turned out not to exist so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, commencement in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford Academy.

Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speeding production—to the signal where the project'due south plummet seemed likely. Newspapers, especially the Sat Review, reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors.^[thirteen] Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an of import work, and worth the fourth dimension and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to run across it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly one-half the finished lexicon; Bradley died in 1923, having completed East-M, Fifty-M, S-Sh, St and Westward-Nosotros. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant piece of work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-5 and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London likewise far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The quaternary editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed past the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range;^[xiv] he parodied the principal editors as "The Iv Wise Clerks of Oxenford" in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes as well was an employee; he was said^{[ who? ]} to dislike the work.

Fascicles

By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per yr: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, viii were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter intermission (which would somewhen get a book break). At this signal it was decided to publish the piece of work in smaller and more frequent instalments: one time every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 64 pages, priced at 2s.6d. or $1 U.S. If enough cloth was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World State of war I forced reductions in staff. Each fourth dimension enough sequent pages were available, the same material was likewise published in the original larger fascicles.

Also in 1895, the championship Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was starting time used. Information technology so appeared just on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of Due west, was published on nineteen April 1928, and the full Dictionary in spring volumes followed immediately.

The early modern English language prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the almost oftentimes quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the virtually-quoted author, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the well-nigh-quoted adult female author. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the nearly-quoted unmarried work is Cursor Mundi.

Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement

Betwixt 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to brand a one book supplement and then the dictionary was reissued as the set up of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933.

Second Supplement and 2nd Edition

In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Lexicon to rest; all work concluded, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language linguistic communication connected to alter, and by the time xx years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated.

At that place were iii possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to get out the existing work alone and merely compile a new supplement of peradventure one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a give-and-take or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three unlike places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire lexicon to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical identify; merely this would have been the most expensive selection, with perchance 15 volumes required to exist produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new cloth with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement.

Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the 2nd supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was notwithstanding able to make some contributions also. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modernistic-24-hour interval language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of scientific discipline and engineering, every bit well every bit popular culture and colloquial spoken language. Burchfield also broadened the telescopic to include developments of the linguistic communication in English-speaking regions across the United Kingdom, including North America, Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand, S Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean area. The work was expected to have seven to ten years.^{[ citation needed ]} It really took 29 years, by which fourth dimension the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.

By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to exist computerized. Achieving this would crave retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be attainable for estimator searching – besides as for whatever new editions of the lexicon might exist desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Training for this process began in 1983, and editorial piece of work started the post-obit year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner every bit co-editors.

Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXX

And so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, Usa, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking upwardly the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were besides needed to admission information technology. Under a 1985 understanding, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Center for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led past Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the color syntax-directed editor for the projection, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM.^[15] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to pattern the database. A. Walton Litz, an English language professor at Princeton Academy who served on the Oxford University Printing advisory council, was quoted in Time equally saying "I've never been associated with a project, I've never fifty-fifty heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline."^[xvi]

Past 1989 the NOED project had achieved its principal goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield'due south supplement, and a small amount of newer fabric, into a single unified dictionary. The word "new" was again dropped from the proper name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The commencement edition retronymically became the OED1.

The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, in that location was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were fabricated roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B.B.C., Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Await, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave.

Although the content of the OED2 is mostly but a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily encounter those words that really require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated.

The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-jump complete version to the champions of each serial since its inception in 1982.

When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared information technology "the greatest publishing event of the century," as quoted by the Los Angeles Times.^[17] TIME dubbed the volume "a scholarly Everest,"^[16] and Richard Boston, writing for The Guardian, called it "one of the wonders of the world."^[xviii]

New textile was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the lexicon to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. All the same, no more than Additions volumes are planned, and information technology is not expected that whatever part of the Tertiary Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles.

Meaty editions

In 1971, the 13-book OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a 4-up ("iv-up") format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the 2nd volume's terminate.

The Meaty Edition included, in a small-scale slip-instance drawer, a magnifying glass to assist in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through volume clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published every bit a third volume to the Meaty Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up ("nine-upwards") format requiring greater magnification, simply allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. Information technology was accompanied by a magnifying glass as earlier and A User's Guide to the "Oxford English Dictionary", by Donna Lee Berg. Subsequently these volumes were published, though, book club offers unremarkably connected to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition.

Electronic versions

A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software.

In one case the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, information technology was also bachelor to exist published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version one (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had impuissant copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the programme to deny utilize to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product.^{[ citation needed ]}

Version 3.0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version iii.ane.ane (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk drive installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. Information technology has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs.^[19] ^[xx] Version iv.0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time always, with Mac OS 10 (x.four or later on).^[21] ^[22] This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.

On xiv March 2000, the Oxford English Lexicon Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers.^[23] The online database contains the unabridged OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the about upwardly-to-date version of the lexicon available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop dissimilar interfaces for querying the OED.^[24]

OED2 quaternary Edition CD-ROM

Equally the toll for an individual to employ this edition, even subsequently a reduction in 2004, is £195 or US$295 every year, about subscribers are large organizations such equally universities. Some of them practise not use the Oxford English language Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization's computers.^{[ citation needed ]} Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in England, Wales, and New Zealand;^[25] ^[26] ^[27] any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to utilise the service from their own home.

Some other method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or S America the opportunity to pay US$29.95 a month to access the online site.

3rd Edition

The Oxford English language Dictionary Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the piece of work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accurateness of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost nearly $55 meg. The event is expected to double the overall length of the text. The manner of the dictionary volition also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, yet, will reference all way of printed resource, such every bit cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The stride of inclusion of new words has been increased to the charge per unit of almost 4,000 a yr. The estimated appointment of completion is 2037.^[28] ^[29]

New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition.

Every bit of 1993^[update], John Simpson is the Main Editor. Since the early work by each editor tends to be less polished and require more revision than their later work, it was decided to begin piece of work on the current revision at a letter other than A (where work on the get-go edition was begun) in order to balance out this effect. Accordingly, the principal work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the get-go batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from Chiliad to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; past 24 March 2011, the revised section had reached Ryvita.

As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is too included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternating each quarter betwixt moving frontwards in the alphabet as earlier and updating "cardinal English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them."

The product of the new edition takes full reward of computers, peculiarly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named "Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application", or "Pasadena." With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation problems such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has too simplified the apply of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the aforementioned manner equally their Oxford-based counterparts.^[30]

Other important reckoner uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and electronic mail submissions of quotations past readers and the full general public.

Wordhunt was a 2005 entreatment to the full general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC Boob tube series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED's modest army of devoted readers proceed to contribute quotations; the department currently receives most 200,000 a year.

Spelling

The OED lists British headword spellings (e.g. labour, eye) with variants following (labor, center, etc.). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e.g. realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly etymological, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix -ιζειν, (-izo), or the Latin -izāre; however, -ze is besides an Americanism insofar equally the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelled analyze in American English.^[31] Encounter also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences.

The sentence "The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization" is an instance of OUP practise. This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Arrangement for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement.

Criticisms

Despite its claim of authority^[32] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from diverse angles. Indeed information technology has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and to a higher place all its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely hard because "one is dealing not but with a dictionary simply with a national institution", one that "has become, like the English monarchy, virtually allowed from criticism in principle".^[33] Harris also criticises what he sees every bit the "black-and-white lexicography" of the Dictionary, past which he ways its reliance upon printed language over spoken—so only privileged forms of printing. He farther notes that, while neologisms from respected "literary" authors such every bit Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less "respectable", sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used.^[33]

In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith.org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a "lex icon."^[34]

Notes

^ OED2 from Amazon.com
^ "Oxford Academy Press". Oup.com. http://www.oup.com/online/oed/ . Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ "OED Facts". Oed.com. http://oed.com/nearly/facts.html . Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ John Simpson, Principal Editor, Oxford English language Dictionary (2007-12-13). "December 2007 revisions – Quarterly updates – Oxford English language Dictionary". Oed.com. http://www.oed.com/news/updates/revisions0712.html . Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 103–104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-iii.
^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3.
^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3.
^ "OXFORD English language Lexicon" Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Ed. Tom McArthur. Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Harvard University Library. 15 March 2011 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Chief&entry=t29.e890>
^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3.
^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3.
^ ^a ^b Murray, M.M. Elizabeth (2001). Caught in the Web of Words: James Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary. Yale University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0300089196.
^ Winchester, Simon (2003). The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0198607024.
^ Winchester, Simon (2003). The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English language Dictionary. Oxford Academy Printing. pp. 182–183. ISBN 0198607024.
^ "OED Contributors: Tolkien". Oed.com. http://world wide web.oed.com/about/contributors/tolkien.html . Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ LEXX – A programmable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F., IBM Journal of Enquiry and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint club number G322-0151
^ ^a ^b Paul Gray, "A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger," Time, 27 March 1989.
^ Fisher, Dan (25 March 1989). "20-Book ENGLISH Fix COSTS $2,500; NEW OXFORD Dictionary – IMPROVING ON THE ULTIMATE". Los Angeles Times. "Hither's novelist Anthony Burgess calling it "the greatest publishing event of the century." It is to be marked by a half-day seminar and lunch at that bluest of blue-claret London hostelries, Claridge's. The guest list of 250 dignitaries is a literary "Who's Who.""
^ Boston, Richard (24 March 1989). "The new, twenty-volume Oxford English Dictionary: Oxford's A to Z – The origin". The Guardian (London). "The Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Dictionary of National Biography are indeed yet mighty, only non quite what they used to be, whereas the OED has gone from strength to force and is i of the wonders of the world."
^ R.J.Holmgren, "v3.x nether Mac Os Ten and Linux", last revised 22 March 2008. Retrieved 19 Apr 2008.
^ "Bernie" from ELearnAid.com, "Oxford English language Lexicon News", 6 May 2004. Retrieved xix Apr 2008.
^ "Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version iv.0 (Windows & Mac)". http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/.
^ "Mac Compatibility". http://www.oup.co.uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4.
^ Juliet New (22 March 2000). "'The world's greatest dictionary' goes online". Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http://www.ariadne.air conditioning.uk/issue23/oed-online/ . Retrieved eighteen March 2007.
^ "Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API". http://blog.webometrics.org.uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english.html.
^ "Oxford Online in English language Public Libraries". http://www.oup.com/online/englishpubliclibraries/.
^ "New Zealand procurement". http://epic.org.nz/nl/Procurement.html.
^ "OED on-line New Zealand". http://epic.org.nz/nl/oup.html#oed.
^ Stephanie Willen Brownish, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 Baronial 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
^ Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario. Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007.
^ Liz Thompson (December 2005). "Pasadena: A Brand New Organization for the OED" (PDF). Oxford English Lexicon News (Oxford University Press): p. 4. http://dictionary.oed.com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12.pdf . Retrieved 28 March 2011.
^ "Verbs catastrophe in -ize, -ise, -yze, and -yse : Oxford Dictionaries Online". Askoxford.com. http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize?view=get . Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ OED Website header/slogan
^ ^a ^b Harris 1982, p.935.
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References

Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mount Review of Language and Literature l:1 (1996): 108–109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008.
Harris, Roy (three September 1982). "The History Men". Times Literary Supplement: 935–936.
Gleick, James (5 November 2006). "Cyber-Neologoliferation". The New York Times Magazine.

External links

The Oxford English Dictionary's official website
- Archive of documents (every bit page images), including
  - Trench's original "Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries" paper
  - Murray'due south original appeal for readers
- Their page of OED statistics, and some other such folio.
- Ii sample pages PDF (ane.54 MB) from the OED.
Examining the OED: Charlotte Brewer'due south analysis of the principles and practices used past OED editors
- Bibliography of "[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history", from Examining the OED
The OED Meets Net: James Gleick's 2006 commodity.
The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (OED-1). Volume Index or all volumes at Internet Archive
Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Lexicon TVOntario. Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on ane December 2007.

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